Experts emphasize that at least 75% of women worldwide experience a genital infection at some point in their lives, noting that both environmental and personal risk factors play a role in the development of these infections. Among personal risk factors, lack of hygiene ranks first.
Improper genital cleansing after using the toilet, inadequate handwashing habits, prolonged wetness in the genital area, the use of synthetic underwear, and poor menstrual hygiene are among the main causes of infection, explains Asst. Prof. Arzu Akdemir, noting that the menstrual period is a time requiring special care and hygiene. During this period, a suitable environment is created for bacteria to proliferate in the genital area.
Asst. Prof. Arzu Akdemir from Üsküdar University Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, emphasized the importance of hygiene during menstruation for women’s health in her statement on the occasion of May 28, World Menstrual Hygiene Day.
Why is hygiene so important during menstruation?
Dr. Akdemir stated that at least 75% of women globally have a history of genital infections and explained: "Factors causing genital infections in women can be grouped as environmental and personal risks. Personal risks include poor hygiene, improper cleaning of the genital area after using the toilet, not washing hands, leaving the area wet, wearing inappropriate underwear, and neglecting menstrual hygiene. The menstrual period requires special care and hygiene, as it creates a favorable environment for bacterial growth in the genital area. Ignoring hygiene can lead to health issues such as vaginal yeast infections or urinary tract infections. Using pads or tampons for extended periods without changing can result in bad odors and skin irritation."
Is there a difference between menstrual products?
Dr. Akdemir explained that menstrual hygiene products are generally divided into two categories: Internal products: such as tampons, menstrual cups, and menstrual sponges, External products: such as sanitary pads, panty liners, and menstrual underwear. She continued: "Preferences for hygiene products vary based on menstrual characteristics (flow intensity, duration, etc.), personal comfort, cultural and socioeconomic factors, geographic location, and health knowledge. From a health perspective, it is noted that some single-use pads may contain endocrine-disrupting chemicals that pose long-term health risks. In contrast, reusable products, when used and cleaned properly, are not only more sustainable environmentally but also more cost-effective in the long run. The most important thing in choosing a hygiene product is to use it according to instructions, change it regularly, and maintain proper hygiene."
What should be considered when using tampons and menstrual cups?
Dr. Akdemir emphasized that hygiene is especially important for products inserted into the vagina: "Hands must be washed before and after use, and the product must be clean. A tampon should not be used for more than 4–6 hours, as leaving it longer, even rarely, can cause serious infections like toxic shock syndrome. Menstrual cups must be boiled for 5–10 minutes before first use and after the end of menstruation. For daily use, the cup should be rinsed with unscented water before reinsertion. When used properly, menstrual cups do not disrupt the vaginal flora and are even more natural than synthetic pads or tampons. However, if not properly cleaned, they can harm the flora. They should not be used in areas with limited access to clean water, as improper cleaning can lead to serious reproductive tract infections. These products are best suited for environmentally conscious individuals with active lifestyles and access to proper cleaning facilities."
Genital area hygiene should be more meticulous during menstruation
Dr. Akdemir stressed that hygiene of the genital area should be more delicate during menstruation: "The external genital area should be washed with warm water several times a day. Scented soaps, shower gels, or vaginal cleansing products can disrupt the natural balance of the area and lead to fungal or bacterial infections. Cotton underwear should be worn and changed frequently. Also, when cleaning, wiping should be done from front to back."
Pads should typically be changed every 4–6 hours
Dr. Akdemir warned that scented pads or soaps can cause allergies, irritation, or infections due to the perfumes and chemicals they contain: "Pads should generally be changed every 4–6 hours. If bleeding is heavy, they should be changed even more frequently. Even when using special long overnight pads, they should be changed immediately upon waking. Prolonged use of the same pad allows bacteria to multiply and causes bad odors, and increases the risk of diaper rash, irritation, and infection."
Common mistakes that increase infection risk
Dr. Akdemir stated that unclean public restrooms at schools, workplaces, or other communal spaces, the lack of appropriate places to change pads, and limited access to hygiene products negatively affect women’s health: "This not only affects health but also hinders education, work, and overall quality of life. Not changing menstrual products regularly, inserting them without handwashing, using inappropriate products, and wearing tight synthetic clothing all increase infection risk."
When should you see a doctor?
Dr. Akdemir stated that medical attention should be sought for symptoms such as bad-smelling, colored, or heavy discharge, itching, burning, pain, high fever or fatigue during menstruation, especially after tampon use.
What are some alternative solutions?
Mentioning that menstrual products can be expensive and not every woman has regular access, Dr. Akdemir said: "In such cases, reusable products can be considered. Menstrual cups are highly cost-effective in the long run, but cleanliness is essential. Cloth pads can be hand-washed, dried in the sun, and reused many times. They should be made of clean, cotton, and absorbent fabric. Additionally, some municipalities, women’s support networks, or NGOs distribute free or discounted menstrual products. These resources can be found via social media or local announcements."
Üsküdar News Agency (ÜNA)